In this study, weather conditions such as air humidity, temperature air, and wind speed were investigated in relation to wind turbine efficiency with the approach of an exergy study. In this study, the wind speed has been investigated in two different climatic regions of Iran with an approximate distance of 1200 km, in the names of Ardabil and Marvast. The amount of wind density of Ardabil is equal to 66 (kW/m2) and Marvast is equal to 123 (kW/m2). Power production using a 10 (Kw) wind turbine in the Ardabil region is 2.3 (MWh) and in the Marvast region is 3.2 (MWh) per year. The highest wind turbine exergy efficiency is 0.48 in the Ardabil region, and the highest exergy efficiency in the Marvast region is 0.18. The amount of reduction of CO2 gas production, using wind turbines in comparison to gas and diesel power plants in Ardabil, are 1.1 and 2.1 tons and in Marvast are 1.5 and 2.9 tons per year. This reduction in CO2 greenhouse gas per year is equal to using a forest region of 1000 (m2) to 3000 (m2). The use of wind turbines reduces the fuel consumption of diesel power plants in the Ardabil region for the amount of 797.4 liters and in the Marvast region for the amount of 1244 liters of diesel per year. According to this review, it can be concluded that in addition to wind speed, air humidity plays a significant role in the selection, installation, and commissioning of wind turbines in the region. According to this survey, it can be seen that in the Ardabil region, the wind speed of the wind turbine has a higher exergy efficiency than in the Marvast region, and it can be concluded that the wind turbine has performed better in the Ardabil region.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT is an obligation belongs to International ENVIRONMENTAL law sphere in order to protect the environment which asks states to determine the likely IMPACTs of a proposed activity or project on the environment of another country or countries. The International Court of Justice has introduced it as a requirement under general international law in pulp mills case and San Juan case pursuant to ITLOS’, s explicit recognition of customary status of the EIA. Jurists have different opinions on the EIA, like,the way of becoming a customary rule and especially on the content of it. . Based on the descriptive-analytical methodology with the help of library sources, the present article tried to deduce the process of consolidation, customary status and content of this obligation through international judgments/ awards and documents and concluded that this customary obligation establishes when there is a risk of significant adverse transboundary IMPACT. If there is such a risk, ASSESSMENT is done. So, there are three stages,the preliminary ASSESSMENT measuring the possibility of transboundary harm, conducting the ASSESSMENT and the post-project ASSESSMENT that provides valuable information for similar subsequent activities and the validity of ASSESSMENTs.

Development IMPACT ASSESSMENTs before decision making and project and development plans implementation enables identification, prediction, reduction or offseting the negative effects of the projects. Quality of IMPACT ASSESSMENT reports can assist to better decision making about ENVIRONMENTAL issues. To review the reports in European countries, the "Lee N & Colley" method is applied. This method has four levels or general sections, each of which is divided to sub-categories. In this article "Lee N & Colley" method has been used for reports ASSESSMENT. In Iran, to evaluate the quality of IMPACT ASSESSMENT reports, six sections were considered. In this research, 50 reports from different provinces and various projects including linear and polygonal were evaluated by experts. The results showed that quality of 76% from ASSESSMENTs reports was favorable and satisfactory (very good, good, and fair). Description of Project had the highest percentage of satisfaction about 84 %. Monitoring of the environment and management had the lowest quality and satisfaction. Therefore, with ASSESSMENT of different parts of IMPACT ASSESSMENTs reports, you can recognize their strengths and weaknesses and in the future, IMPACT ASSESSMENTs will be carried out more carefully and effectively.

Intervention in nature through the implementation of various development projects to meet the growing needs of the population is inevitable. Any intervention has both negative and positive consequences for ecosystem services; therefore, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT has been a focus of attention worldwide for decades. Ecosystem services valuation can serve as a complementary approach in ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTs, playing a significant role in development-related decision-making. Though, this has been ignored in the evaluation of infrastructure projects. The present study integrates ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT approaches with the economic valuation of ecosystem services to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the Bandar Abbas–Kerman freeway construction project. The ecosystem services considered included sediment retention, water production, habitat quality, carbon sequestration, food production, tourism, vegetation quality, forage, and oxygen production. The results (updated based on the annual inflation rate) showed that the project imposed damages (costs) of 161,842,750,785 tomans and 332,307,472,031 tomans on ecosystem services in the construction and operation phases, respectively. Similarly, no benefit observed in ecosystem services during the construction phase, while the operation phase resulted in a benefit equivalent to 366,024,608,960 tomans. Consequently, the net damage from the implementation of this project was estimated to be 128,125,613,856 tomans.

A study was carried out in a strip of a river and in a nearby well in the rainy and dry seasons to assess the IMPACT of tobacco waste disposal on the roadsides. There were significant seasonal variations in the concentration of nicotine being higher (p<0.05) in the dry season than in the wet season. Regardless of season however, nicotine was observed in highest amounts close to the dumpsite and none or just trace amounts were obtained upstream and in the well water. There were seasonal differences in the concentration of phosphate, sulphate and turbidity, being higher (p<0.05) in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, the concentration of sulphate followed an opposite seasonal trend to that of phosphate, being higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. In the rainy season, the concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05) across the sample points, being highest at point close to the dumpsite followed by the value upstream and the least was obtained downstream. The authorities must enforce the legislation of controlled tobacco waste disposal to avoid harmful environment effects.

In this research by taking advantage of degradtion model in a grid system (Makhdoum 1996) an area of 9222 km2 in eastern part of Tehran province including Eslam Shahr, Rey, Varamin, Damavand and Firooz Kooh were studied.The results show that 43.8% of the area, due to its natural conditions, is not suitable for development. In addition 14.7% of the area is facing the shortage of water needed for development. The rest of the area, (42.5%), due to the degradation caused by mans activities has lost its natural capability for development.

Compost is one of the urban waste management strategies that aim to reduce the volume and weight of materials to be repelled, reduce the spread of flue and fat, recycle resources, and reduce the cost of disposal. In order to comply with ENVIRONMENTAL laws and regulations in the framework of adaptation of an ENVIRONMENTAL development plan, an Environment IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) plan for compost plants required. Accordingly, Leopold‘ s checklist and modified matrix methods have been used in the ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT of the Zahedan composting plant. according to the information obtained, it was determined that the area is not inhabited and in other respects, due to the researches and land use maps, no specific ecological and socioeconomic complications are identified within 10 km of the plan, and the land of the plot is mostly muddy and rough. The only factor that can specifically increase the radius of the effect of the plan is the direction and amount of 120-day winds of the province, which is usually from Zabol to Zahedan, which, due to the appropriate distance to the site, does not affect the city‘ s residents. In total, the option of doing a design with +0. 94 versus non-performing option with-3. 7 has a full advantage and the plan is strongly recommended for improvement plans and corrective actions. Based on the review of the long-term effects of the project in the exploitation phase on leachate and its leakage, the health hazards of the factory for the employees and the external environment (mainly from insidious insects and animals), smell pollution and contamination of the product.

Today, steel production and consumption is applied as an important criterion for measuring the degree of countries industrial development. Needing to investment in construction and economic infrastructure in developing countries, their steel production policy is in the direction of producing the various types of structural steel. In this regard, the main object of the studied steel plant construction is creating jobs in the region, reducing imports and contributing to the country's economic development through carbon ingot production with electric arc furnace technology. After assigning the direct study area of the project, the major contaminants arising from the project implementation were investigated in construction and implementation phases and the corrective actions considered to reduce the contaminants effects. In this research, Rapid ASSESSMENT method was used for ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT assesment that according to the results, among 96 detected IMPACTs, 55. 1 percent of the IMPACTs are negative and 44. 9 percent are positive that in case of observing the corrective actions before and after the project implementation, its negative IMPACTs will be minimized. Also, it is recommended that after the plant costruction, apply a periodic monitoring of the outlet contaminants every three months.